### 5.9.5. Turbulence Effects

In `Eulerian-Eulerian` multiphase, the averaging process used ensures that turbulence effects do not affect the continuity equation; instead, they appear as an apparent turbulent dispersion force in the momentum equation.

In the ASM formulation outlined here, turbulent dispersion forces are not considered in the derivation of slip velocity. Instead, turbulent dispersion is modeled using the same turbulence model as for multicomponent flows:

| (5–192)

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